Teaching Students with Down Syndrome

Down Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality and one of the most common genetic conditions. It occurs in approximately one in every 700 to one 1,000 live births. Down syndrome accounts for approximately 5 percent to 6 percent of intellectual disabilities.  Most students with Down syndrome fall into the mild to moderate range of cognitive impairment. Physically, a student with Down syndrome is easily recognizable due to characteristics such as a smaller overall stature, flat facial profile, thick epicanthic folds in the corners of their eyes, protruding tongues, and muscle hypotonia (low muscle tone). Cause of Down Syndrome Down syndrome was first identified as a discrete disorder with a set of similar  symptoms or characteristics, which are related to the presence of extra chromosome 21. Those characteristics include: Short stature and shortened bonesThick tongues and small oral cavitiesModerate to mild intellectual disabilitiesLow or inadequate muscle tone. Best Practices for Teachers There are a number of best practices for working with students with Down syndrome. In teaching, best practices are procedures and strategies that, through research, have been shown to be effective. Those strategies include: Inclusion:  Students with special needs should be full members of age-appropriate inclusive classes to the extent they can be. Effective inclusion means that the teacher must be fully supportive of the model. The inclusive environment is less likely to stigmatize and provides a much more natural environment for the students. There are more opportunities for peer relationships to occur and much of the research states that full integration works better than classrooms that are segregated according to cognitive ability or special needs. Building self-esteem:  The physical characteristics of a student with Down syndrome will often result in a lowered self-esteem, which means the teacher needs to take every opportunity to boost self-confidence and instill pride through a variety of strategies. Progressive learning:  Students with Down syndrome usually face many intellectual challenges. Strategies that work for mildly disabled students and/or students with significant learning disabilities will also work with these students. Most students with Down syndrome do not progress beyond the intellectual capabilities of a normal developing 6-to-8-year-old. However, a teacher should always strive to move the child progressively along the learning continuum—never assume the child isnt capable. Solid intervention and high-quality instruction lead to improved academic achievement for students with Down syndrome. Through a multimodal approach, a teacher uses as many concrete materials and real-world authentic situations as possible. The teacher should use language appropriate for student understanding, speak slowly when necessary, and always break tasks into smaller steps and provide instruction for each step. Students with Down syndrome usually have good short-term memory. Minimize distractions: Students with special needs are often easily distracted. Teachers should employ strategies that work to minimize distractions such as keeping the student away from the window, using a structured environment, keeping the noise level down, and having an orderly classroom where students are free from surprises and know the expectations, routines, and rules. Teachers should use direct instruction in short periods of time along with brief activities to help to support learning, and they should introduce new material slowly, sequentially, and in a step-by-step fashion. Employ speech-and-language instruction:  Children with Down syndrome can suffer from serious problems such as hearing difficulties and articulation problems. Sometimes they will require speech/language intervention and a great deal of direct instruction. In some cases, augmentative or facilitated communication will be a good alternative for communication. Teachers should use patience and model appropriate interactions at all times. Behavior-management techniques: Strategies used for other students should not differ for the student with Down syndrome. Positive reinforcement is a much better strategy than punitive techniques. Reinforcers need to be meaningful. The strategies a teacher uses to reach and teach a student with Down syndrome will often be beneficial to many learners in the classroom. Using the above strategies can be effective with students of all levels of ability.

Charles Dickens And The Victorian Era - 1801 Words

During the Victorian Era there were many key people alive including Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Benjamin Disraeli, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and Charles Dickens. These were all famous people during the Victorian Era. Some important scientists include Charles Darwin, and Alexander Bell. These were both very important scientist and without them we might not have some of the basic necessities of the modern day. Now you might be wondering to yourself what did these guys, and girls have to do to be so important. Well after reading this you are going to know why these people are famous and what they did to get famous. Queen Victoria was born 24 May, 1819. She was the granddaughter of George III, and her father, Edward was fourth in line to the throne. But when the Prince of Wales died early, his brothers sought to get married and maintain the line of succession. Edward married Princess Victoria from Germany and the couple had just one child, Alexandrina Victoria, who was born at Kensington Palace in 1819. As a young girl, Victoria’s father died, followed 6 days later by King George III. The throne then passed to King William IV, but, he too died early. This left Victoria to be crowned at the age of 18, in June 1837. She was to reign until her death on 22nd January 1901.While she was queen she established the modern role of a monarch in a constitutional monarchy and exerted her influence to promote the British Empire s expansion and reforms benefiting the poor, accordingShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens And The Victorian Era1643 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and the Victorian Era The various themes and ideas of the Victorian era are perfectly showcased in the many novels and short stories of Charles Dickens. The writers of the Victorian era produced an enormous amount of the greatest novels to ever be written- those that were realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. They, more often than not, showed the characteristics of the different social classes in society. Generally humorousRead MoreCharles Dickens And The Victorian Era2042 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the Victorian Era many people greatly helped shape the future trough their deeds of heroism and courage, some of these people include Queen Victoria, Florence Nightingale, Benjamin Disraeli, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and Charles Dickens. These people not only helped to shape the Victorian Era, but also created many things we still use today. Some important scientists include Charles Darwin, and Alexander Bell. Without these scientists we might not have some of the basic necessities of the modernRead MoreImportance Of Children In The Victorian Era1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe Belittled Little Ones of the Victorian Era Children of all classes during the Victorian era were seen but not heard. At the age of five, children were working to make a living during this time. Children during the Victorian era were raised and perceived as adults. In the story Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens wrote about a young orphan raised in a workhouse, where he was abused and overworked. Charles Dickens displayed in his literature how Victorian children were thrown around and were looked asRead MoreThe Victorian Er A Important Part Of Our History1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Victorian Era was a very important part of our history. That is why I want to familiarize you with it before we get directly to Mr. Dickens. This was a period in time when the times were changing in a vast number of ways. The Victorian era was a time of peace, refined sensibilities and prosperity for Britain. This era was the first where music, dramas and opera were performed openly and were attended by mass amounts of people. Also to become in the Vi ctorian era were â€Å"dining clubs† where gentlemenRead MoreCharles Dickens Biography1626 Words   |  7 PagesTwist and David Copperfield. He proves that he is a product of the Victorian era as he brings attention to the childhood cruelty, the less fortunate in an English society, and the unwealthy dysfunctional families of the early Victorian time period. Charles Dickens reflects these and other issues as he brings to life the realism of writing. While others were writing about the way things should be, rather than the way things were, Dickens was challenging these ideas, and argued that paupers and criminalsRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1335 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Victorian society, men and women were very separated and unbalanced.Due to this, many Victorians compared the two genders to‘separate spheres’, only coming together at breakfast and again at dinner. Most men were highly expected to provide sufficiently for their family, their ro le in the family was to help provide the money .Since the men were more superior than the women, they received more rights like the right to vote. In the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses the charactersRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities: The Victorian Era and the Abandonment of Spirituality865 Words   |  4 PagesJoshua Wohlgemuth A Tale of Two Cities: The Victorian Era and the Abandonment of Spirituality Throughout the early to mid 19th Century, a new and cultural age took hold of Europe, specifically Great Britain with the commencing of the Victorian Era. Marked by impressive achievements such as the Industrial Revolution, La Belle Epoque, and the beginnings of an urban middle class, this era was also plagued with child labor, poor hygiene, prostitution, the constant class distinctions, and a bloody revolutionRead MoreEssay on Victorian Age1258 Words   |  6 Pagesthe throne, but also the year that a new literary age was coined. The Victorian Age, more formally known, was a time of great prosperity in Great Britains literature. The Victorian Age produced a variety of changes. Political and social reform produced a variety of reading among all classes. The lower-class became more self-conscious, the middle class more powerful and the rich became more vulnerable. The novels of Charles Dickens, the poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning, the dramaticRead MoreDickens Views on Victorian Englands Class System1084 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations, a novel written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian era. This novel was set in early Victorian England at a time when great social changes were taking place. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had transformed the social landscape, allowing industrialists and manufacturers to accumulate huge fortunes that would otherwise have been inaccessible. Aside from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social change tookRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 1539 Words   |  7 Pages​Charles Dickens illustrates how people facing poverty are treated as criminals by the Victorian society and may cause them to be forced down the path of crime. He demonstrates this theory throughout his novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is a novel about a ten year old orphan in the nineteenth century who is forced into labour at a workhouse. Dickens highlights the conditions of the workhouse to display the struggle one bares in order to survive. He uses the characters Oliver and Nancy to demonstrate

Management control Free Essays

1)By control of management we mean the processes in which various scopes of business standards are developed with the aim of providing the most appropriate performances both in the human capital as well business processes for the most adequate and optimal business function. This helps in providing a guarantee for the implementation process of business plans. It is a basic link with which the functional outlay of an organization is described to provide a complete cycle for activity performance. We will write a custom essay sample on Management control or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through such performance monitoring, there is a buildup in the scope of organization communication. Through controlling, various organizational tasks are delegated to various key personalities which provides the scope of accountability for the different key players in such corporate personalities. Basically therefore, control means the basic process in which case various standards for organizational performance for its persons as well as the corporate processes are seldom set out, communicated between the corporate components and therefore applied in the business process. Through performance controls, the correct evaluations can be provided   (http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management) However, the implication of management control may have negative implications. This is usually developed from the management tools for business control which provide negative advantages in the business processes. This is from the negative impacts which arises from affirmative processes in setting, communicating and also applications of such control tools. Basically, the negative implications of the control tools develop when their structural methodology provides market disadvantages and hence operational losses. Due to the changing nature of management and technology concepts of businesses, the control tool is also changing to capture a more vibrant diversity in approach which provides the business management tools an adequately changing environment in the highly competitive market. Control tools are also changing to provide better chances of business performance and activity. This is from the changing outlook in business support output where the planning requirement, leading as well organizing facets in the current business environment is subsequently changing to provide more adaptive business strategic rationale. (http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management) 2) There are various systems of control for business organizations. Either, to each system, various advantages and disadvantages are allied to them. The nature and scope of control system depends on the resource availability nature and magnitude of the organization. These include the proportional control in which the control tools are apportioned to different areas in magnitudes of workload and importance. Elsewhere, linear control is where the feedback concept is made to be in linear capacity and in congruency to some specific requirements. Also, logic control provides an upset methodology in which the rule of logics flow representation is provided through ladder logic notation. Their construction is through use of devices with programmable logic. They easily respond to various switches, pressure switches and also light sensors. Their use is to provide logical mechanical sequences in business operations. Basic advantages are that they are easily designed and good to complex operations handling. However, they may be complex and expensive to develop in terms of human resource capital and material input. Through linear control feedback of linear negativity are produced where signals of mathematical variables are responded. They are basically used to provide acceptable ranges of operations. They are easily regulated and provide a broad width of operational phenomena. Proportional control has their feedback system proportional to the conventional requirement of the persons. This is through providing a subsequent difference in the nature of set points required and the measured value to such control variable. Basically, it allows an error term and also provides appropriate feedback. The control process is managed through basic system of physical implementation of the various control systems. This involves using an implementation system of simulated network where various loops for feedback and computers are coined into an embedded system of display. Through the computers logic, devices are setout with various measurements allied to switch inputs, programmable logic controllers as well as providing a wide system support to the flow of activity within the system. Reference The 4 Functions of management. Retrieved on 18th March 2008 from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/functions-management    How to cite Management control, Essay examples

Overcoming Obstacles free essay sample

You only see obstacles and challenges when you take your eyes off the goal. In the story, â€Å"The First Crossing† the author Donald R. Gallo, introduces Marco as a teenage immigrant from Mexico who is on a journey to illegally cross the border into the United States. The story reveals all of the challenges Marco must face in order to successfully enter the United States. Like Marco, I have faced challenges of my own in order to accomplish my goal of graduating high school and continuing on to college. For both Marco and myself, the challenges we’ve faced have helped us discover who we truly are. While trying to reach our goal, we both had numerous attempts; these attempts only gave us more experience and a better way to reach our goal. Not everyone has the right to equal freedom and opportunity. In a result of this, people will do whatever it takes to receive these rights, even if that means putting their own lives in danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcoming Obstacles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marcos’ father had been attempting to cross the United States border illegally for years, and decided it was now Marcos turn to take the risk with him. Although Marco wanted to leave Mexico and start on a new chapter of his life in America, he realized there were many dangerous possibilities that awaited him on his journey. However, the fear of getting lost, being bitten by snakes and scorpions, and getting caught, still wasn’t enough to convince Marco to not go. Marco and his father were caught several times before they successfully entered America. On the final try, Marco was squished into a sofa that was put in the back of a Car by a coyote (the people who smuggle immigrants in and out of America). His father, who was smuggled in before Marco, greeted his son in America. Getting to America was only half the battle for Marco and his father. Although they will both have to find jobs that will pay rent and put food on the table, the benefits of getting to America outweighed any of the negative possibilities of the journey. Every goal has a challenge but once you overcome those challenges, the world can only get bigger. Graduating high school and going to college has always been a very important goal I have always wanted to achieve. While trying to achieve my goal, I also faced many challenges. Like Marco, I had ‘snakes and scorpions’ in my way, the only thing is, these snakes and scorpions were people and temptations. A lot of people I hung out with didn’t have the same ambitions as me. They chose partying, hanging out late, smoking and ditching school over schoolwork. At times these temptations became favorable, and I decided to join in on a lot of activities they chose to do. I began to notice my grades were suffering due to my bad decisions and before it was too late, I realized that in order to live a successful life, I needed to get back on track. I began doing all of my schoolwork, and even got two jobs. Doing the right thing does get hard at times, and there are moments when I want to go back to my old ways, but then I remember that my future is more important than temporary fun. If Marco and I ever took the time to look back instead of ahead, we would not be where we are now. We both saw the challenges we had to face and we failed a couple of times, but the better life we pictured ahead of us is what we used as motivation. Instead of giving up because of the numerous failed attempts, we decided to keep trying and believed in the little faith that was left. Now that our goals have been reached, we can let out a sigh of relief and say that our lives are a whole lot better.